Ethiopian empire start and end. The country becomes Christian.
- Ethiopian empire start and end ” But Ethiopian The actual emblem of the Ethiopian empire is the one shown here: Coat of Arms of the Ethiopian empire. It used to include modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea. (Goadby, p. Ahmad Gragn could only be defeated by the monarchy with the help of the Portuguese army. All structured data from the main, Property, Lexeme, and EntitySchema namespaces is available under the Creative Commons CC0 License; text in the other namespaces is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. 181; Pankhurst, 1968, p. Phil. While the expansion of the Ethiopian empire turned an increasing number of peasants into servants of the feudal class, the 19th century saw both a growth in the volume of slaves traded in the region and a growth in sources related to slavery thanks to increasing Then he looked up at me and said: ‘We will talk again in Addis Ababa. ’ My audience was at the end. With the support of the Portuguese, Ethiopia emerged victorious from the conflict. The article explores the post-1945 discourse around Italian war crimes committed in Ethiopia from 1935 to 1942. However, colonization at the end of the 19th century was the true turning point in This article lists the emperors of Ethiopia, from the founding of the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty in 1270 by Yekuno Amlak, until the Ethiopian Revolution of 1974 when the last emperor was deposed. 1500–ca. In December 1960, there was coup d’etat against Haile Selassie. Costantinos Berhutesfa Costantinos, PhD, Axum, January 6-12, 2006 The Birth Place of the Ethiopian State: Axum, the Seat of the earliest Ethiopian kingdom and one of the holiest grounds, the Church of St. The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. . The Axumites must have started ruling around 1930 BC with the start of the Agazian dynasty. Monastic establishments moved even farther to the south; for example, a major church was founded near Lake Hayk in the 9th century. Its prehistory, the Aksum civilization and the last one thousand and three hundred years of its history are so fascinating that many people see it in disbelief as bordering on Once known as the Ethiopian Empire, or Abyssinia, which existed from 1270 to 1974, it is one of the longest surviving empires in history and is defined by its distinctive Ethiopia was home to various African and Middle Eastern empires throughout history, such as the Aksumite Empire that lasted from roughly 80 BC to 825 AD, and most notably the Ethiopian Empire (Abyssinian Empire) from 1270 to 1974, whose last emperor was assassinated by the Derg and replaced by Mengistu Haile Mariam, the Communist dictator of Ethiopia until 1991. It is also one of the world’s oldest countries (sometimes referred to as Abyssinia in previous historical periods), its territorial extent having varied over the millennia of its The kingdom of Aksum lasts for a millennium and more. In the 1600s, Ethiopia was interested in becoming Catholic. legally enshrined as the Ethiopian Empire’s established faith (Arts. The war resulted in the military occupation of The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eri Is the term "Ethiopian Empire" and this article a case of Synthesis as well? It appears this article is presenting the Solomonic Dynasty as the start and end of the "Ethiopian Empire" example the end is 1974. 18th-century copy of land grant of King Tatadim (12th century) stored in the Ura Masqal church. 10, 16, 20, 21 and 126). Ethiopia was According to Ethiopian tradition, she ruled over the remains of the Aksumite Empire for 40 years before transmitting the crown to her descendants. It particularly concentrates on post-liberation anxiety and how the The Ethiopian Empire, or simply Ethiopia, also known as Abyssinia by foreigners, was an empire in East Africa. The war was fought between the armed forces of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) and the armed forces of the Ethiopian Empire (also known at the time as Abyssinia). Marcus, Harold G. 29 There is a tendency to assign to Muslims a major responsibility in the development of slavery and slave trade since medieval times. Ethiopia is the largest and most populated country in the Horn of Africa. The Ethiopian Empire, [a] historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, [b] was a sovereign state [14] that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eritrea. The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eri The Aram dynasty most likely ruled before the floods, they are most likely present day afars. When it was biggest, it controlled some parts of Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. Aksum, powerful kingdom in northern Ethiopia during the early Christian era. The Kingdom of Aksum (Ge'ez: አክሱም, romanized: ʾÄksum; Sabaean: 𐩱𐩫𐩪𐩣, ʾkšm; Ancient Greek: Ἀξωμίτης, romanized: Axōmítēs) also known as the Kingdom of Axum, or the Aksumite Empire, was a kingdom in East Africa and were distributed into various social categories and labor occupations. The military had spent much of its resource in desire to control all of Yemen but the empire over estimated its power and were defeated. Kelley describes how “the defeat of the Italians by the Ethiopian Army was a catalyst for internationalism among the American Black Left. With the support of the Portuguese, –1913), the empire began to emerge from its isolation. Imperial Flag of Ethiopia Imperial Coat of Arms of Ethiopia. 1751 – 12 December 1817 (aged c. Although Italians largely escaped prosecutions after the Second World War, the article demonstrates how an international controversy – the appointment and dismissal of a former general of the Italian army as governor of Somalia in 1949 – forced a Selassie: Modernised Monarchy and the End of an Empire (1930–1974) Emperor Haile Selassie, who assumed rule in 1930, became the first ruler to modernise Ethiopia’s feudal society. Societies were characterized by social inequality and opportunities for social mobility through military performance. It was established by the kings of the Solomonid dynasty who, claiming descent from no less a figure than the Bible's King Solomon, would rule in an unbroken line throughout the state's Chapter 3 examines how Ethiopian state formation resulted in a particular state structure, which afforded both opportunities and challenges to the EPRDF when it seized power in 1991. Many people call it decadence, but it’s almost the contrary. This would consolidate his power and start a new era in Ethiopian politics that was just as troubled as the previous Back to the list of civilizations The Ethiopian people represent a civilization in Civilization V: Gods & Kings. At its height, Axum controlled a vast territory stretching from the Nile Valley to the Red Sea and beyond, playing a key role in the trade and cultural exchange between Africa, Arabia, and the Greco-Roman world. In the 18th century, the so-called Zemene Mesafint (Era of the Princes) began. ) While the Aksumite Empire fell and was nothing more than a memory by the Middle Ages, it was a cherished one for Ethiopian Christians. C. The picture in the Original Post is a quick alternative I used because the emblem I first posted (Previous post) was removed by a The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia or simply Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that encompassed the present-day territories of Ethiopia and Eri by the expansion of the Ethiopian empire and sufffered from the violent raids of soldiers taking away people to enslavement. It used to include modern day Ethiopia and Eritrea. In his land grants of 1204 and 1225, Lalibela called himself negus ("king"), which was the traditional title for Ethiopian kings. (Oxon. A preponderance of evidence indicates the Axumite Empire adopted the name Ethiopia at some point, but there's no record of when. Mallett, Robert. Very little is known about the queen or the state, if indeed there even was one So yeah, I've not seen that much Ethiopia or Coptic love on the forums, so I figured I'd create a thread to show some :P Choosing any Coptic Ethiopian, have them conquer Egypt and hold it as part of their Empire before Around the middle of the 16th century, Ahmad Gragn’s wars almost wiped out the Christian empire. This wealthy African civilization thrived for centuries, controlling a large territorial state and access to vast trade routes Ethiopia’s nation-building is rife with accusations and claims of past atrocities and injustices from the time of Emperor Menelik’s southward expansion to recent political discourse since 2018. In the Eastern escarpment of the Ethiopian highlands and more so the lowlands were the home of the As the Empress started to get out of public life, conservative elites launched a revolt against Ras Tafari that was crushed. Under the emperors Tewodros II (1855–1868), Yohannes IV (1872–1889), and Menelek II (1889–1913), the empire began to emerge from its isolation. This marked the end of the Ethiopian Empire, though its cultural and historical legacy endures in modern Ethiopia. Medieval map of Ethiopia, including the ancient lost city of Barara, which is located in modern-day Addis Ababa. In the first year of his reign, one Sheikh Abu-Abdallah had gathered a large following, and proclaimed a jihad against Wedem Arad's realm. and the geographical obstacles presented to invaders meant that the Ethiopian Empire would be one of only two African states never to be formally colonised by a European power. ; D. 1 Moreover, while both choronyms are conventionally used in modern historiography to refer to defunct empires, the term “Ethiopia” is also used to refer to a contemporary sovereign state that, together The Ethiopian Revolution and the Derg are the topics of several authors, including those publishing close to the events, such as Raul Valdes Vivo, Fred Halliday and Maxine Molyneux, and John Markakis and Nega Ayele, and those writing later, such as Christopher Clapham, Edmond Keller, and Bahru Zewde, to name just a few publishing in English. Over time, one of The Ethiopian Empire is a formable that sits on the Horn of Africa which can only be formed by Ethiopia. Earlier kings of the Dʿmt, Axum and Zagwe kingdoms are listed separately due to numerous gaps and large The region had certainly been occupied by agrarian communities similar in culture to those in southern Arabia since the Stone Age, but the ancient kingdom of Axum began to prosper from the 1st century CE thanks to its rich The Ethiopian Empire: Historical Context and Origins The Ethiopian Empire, historically known as Abyssinia, was a prominent kingdom in the Horn of Africa, distinguished by its successful resistance to European colonization during the late 19th century. 66): 20 July 1779 24 April 1788 January 1794 December 1795 4 January 1798 24 March 1800: 8 February 1784 26 July 1789 15 April 1795 20 May 1796 20 May 1799 This article deals with marriage as mobilized by the Ethiopian Empire as part of its consolidation processes after 1941. Earlier kings of the Dʿmt, Axum and Zagwe kingdoms are listed separately due to numerous gaps and large The Ethiopian Empire (Amharic: መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ Mängəśtä ʾItyop̣p̣ya), often called the Second Ethiopian Empire to distinguish it from the time period before Italian occupation, commonly known as Ethiopia, is a country in the Horn of Africa, with territory in the Arabian Peninsula. This is chronological list about the Ethiopian Empire, an empire dominated the present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the beginning of establishment of Solomonic dynasty by Emperor This is chronological list about the Ethiopian Empire, an empire dominated the present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the beginning of establishment of Solomonic dynasty by Emperor Ethiopia has a rich history of at least three thousand years. Little by little, the empire, the state, starts to lose its power. The monetary reform in Ethiopia after the liberation during World War II, was a necessary measure to be adopted. 1560) Amélie Chekroun and Bertrand Hirsch Bibliography Index 560 365 425 454 477 For use by the Author only The Abyssinian Kingdom, also known as the Ethiopian Empire, is one of the oldest and most historically significant civilizations in Africa. Abyssinia was mentioned in Egyptian records in 980 BC. 'Government of Ethiopia'), also formerly known by the exonym Abyssinia, or just simply known as Ethiopia (/ˌiːθiˈoʊpiə/; Amharic and Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ ʾĪtyōṗṗyā, , Oromo: Itoophiyaa, Somali: Itoobiya, Afar: Itiyoophiyaa), was an empire that historically spanned the how the Ethiopian Empire envisioned tackling this disquiet by reforming marriage. $ 3633 / $ 10000. Towards the end of that time, in the 4th century AD, its close links with the Red Sea ports (full of Greek merchants trading with the Roman empire) result in an imported creed which will profoundly influence the rest of Ethiopian history. " Albion 13, no. 1270. As pre-colonial empires and kingdoms ruled the Horn of Africa, borders shifted and were constantly debated. It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak around 1270 until the 1974 coup d'état by the Derg, which ended the See more This is chronological list about the Ethiopian Empire, an empire dominated the present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the beginning of establishment of Solomonic dynasty by Emperor Yekuno Amlak in 1270 to fall of monarchy on 21 March 1975 under Haile Selassie. G. The Derg offered the crown to Amha Selassie, and upon his return to the country he was crowned. It is notable for its unique Christian heritage, advanced trade networks, and monumental architecture, which together reflect the rich cultural and social structures that characterized pre Between 1528 and 1543, wars with Somali sultanates dominated the Ethiopian Empire. By the end of the 1600s, the Christian monarchy was much weaker than it had been at the start. "Great Britain, France, and the Ethiopian Tripartite Treaty of 1906. 4 (1981): 364-380. The Ethiopian Empire, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was a powerful ancient civilization located in present-day Ethiopia and parts of Eritrea, existing from approximately 100 AD to 940 AD. To start, it is worth noting that the very terms “Ethiopia” and “Byzantium” designate two complex, permeable, and ever-evolving political entities that defy overarching narratives. While Menelik’s period of rule was characterised more as a decentralised monarchy, Selassie’s modernisation process sought greater centralisation through his national integration Despite his influence, Selassie’s reign came to an end in 1974 when the Derg, a Marxist military junta, deposed him, leading to the establishment of a socialist state. They were included again in Civilization V: Brave New World. The history of the Abyssinian Kingdom is marked by its rich cultural Help us start the new year ready to publish more reliable historical information, free for everyone. Its powerful military allowed for Aksum to expand their frontiers and patrol their trade routes. Check out my other civilizatio The Ethiopian Empire, also formerly known by the exonym Abyssinia, or simply known as Ethiopia, was a sovereign state that historically encompasses the geographical area of present-day Ethiopia and Eritrea from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak approximately in 1270 until the 1974 coup d'etat by the Derg, which dethroned Emperor Haile There was an Ethiopian-Spanish alliance a century ago, but after being dragged into every single independence war, the empire put an end to that. There are famines, droughts and illegitimate land Wedem Arad (died 1314) was nəgusä nägäst (1299–1314) of Ethiopia, and a member of the Solomonic dynasty. In the Egyptian records, Ethiopia is just "Abyssinia" from the Axumite period through the end of the Ethiopian Empire. Abyssinia or rather "Ze Etiyopia" was ruled by the Semitic Abyssinians (Habesha) composed mainly of the Amhara, Tigrayans and the Cushitic The Ethiopian Empire, or simply Ethiopia, also known as Abyssinia by foreigners, was an empire in East Africa. The Ethiopian Empire (Ge'ez: መንግሥተ ኢትዮጵያ, romanized: Mängəstä Ityop'p'ya, lit. The Ethiopian Empire, also known as Abyssinia, in what is now Ethiopia and Eritrea existed from approximately 1270 (beginning of Solomonid Dynasty) until 1974 when the monarchy was overthrown in a coup d'etat. There's the possibility of an Ethiopian-Algerian alliance, despite the fact that Libyia was carved out of territories conquered from the Algerians. The Solomonid Dynasty was born of and ruled by the Habesha, from whom Abyssinia gets its name. Sex was articulated within The country regained independence and the former Ethiopian empire was restored. In Ethiopia it is often referred to simply as the Italian Invasion (Amharic: ጣልያን ወረራ, romanized: Ṭalyan warära; Oromo: Weerara Xaaliyaanii), and in Italy as the Ethiopian War Beginning with the Kingdom of Aksum, Ethiopia's territory evolved significantly through conquest of the lands surrounding it. ”45 The objectives of all other social cleavages within the Oromo society were subordinated to the collective state of national c. Press, 2015. The Government of the Ethiopian Empire [4] was historically based on the framework of absolute monarchy with a feudal system, where religious legitimacy and the wealthier class were generally prone to priority. It existed from the establishment of the Solomonic dynasty by Yekuno Amlak around 1270 until the 1974 coup d'état by the Derg, which ended the reign of the final Emperor, Haile Selassie. It finally declined after the rise of Islamic dominion in South Dedjazmatch Zewde Gabre-Sellassie, MA. Symbol: Lion of Judah with crown and cross scepter Musical Learn about Abyssinia and study the characteristics of the Ethiopian empire. A Cultural History of Firearms in the Age of Empire. Ethiopia borders Sudan and South Sudan to the west, Kenya and its puppet state Somalia to The Second Italo–Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo–Abyssinian War, was a colonial war that started in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. Right after the Aram dynasty ends, it starts with Kams dynasty, which is after the flood. In 330, Aksum besieged the Nubian city of Meroë, marking the beginning of its great expansion. Monasteries founded in Aksumite times by the Nine Saints – like the famous Debra Damo on its inaccessible plateau – were powerful symbols of identity and continuity of Christian culture. In fact, Muslims represent a convenient screen behind which other actors can hide. Re-imagining Empire: Ethiopian Political Culture under Y ohannis IV (1872-89. Mussolini in Ethiopia, 1919-1935: The Origins of Fascist Italy's African War. Ethiopia - Zagwe, Solomonic, Dynasties: As Christian shipping disappeared from the Red Sea, Aksum’s towns lost their vitality. They are available with the Ethiopia Pack, which was released on July 23, 2020. Explore the Kingdom of Ethiopia history, the dynasties, and when Ethiopia was founded. However, a week later, the Derg government arrested and imprisoned the new emperor. Aksum was a great trading empire, with its own coinage, its own language, and its own 1270–1974 state in the Horn of Africa. The official state religion of the empire was Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity. Tells me, the Solomonic dynasty is the main identifier of the "Ethiopian Empire". Besides negus he For example, despite slavery mostly ended at the end of the nineteenth century, the formal end of slavery in Ethiopia is dated only in 1942 (Bonacci and Meckelburg 2017), while South Africa A major empire of the ancient world, the kingdom of Aksum arose in Ethiopia during the first century C. The Rise and Fall of the Ethiopian Empire: A Historical Overview The country regained independence and the former Ethiopian empire was restored. Within the context of (re)building the empire, policies, laws, and discourses around mon-ogamous marriage instilled normative ideas to produce the imperial subjects — procre-ative and productive — that a modernizing empire required. At its high point, Aksum extended its influence beyond Africa into parts of the southern Arabian Peninsula as shown on the map below. Only one military action is recorded for this ruler. 30 When a Soviet-backed Marxist–Leninist military began revolting against the imperial government, many saw this as the end to the rule of the Solomon dynasty. Ethiopian empire didn’t keep with the times most egregiously with Haile Selassie’s domestic policies after occupation, and Ethiopia still pays dearly for it. The Egyptians never make note of the country's name changing. The Second Italo-Ethiopian War, also referred to as the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, was a war of aggression waged by Italy against Ethiopia, which lasted from October 1935 to February 1937. The monetary reform in Ethiopia after liberation during World War II was a necessary measure to be adopted. Transformations at the End of the Middle Ages (ca. This caused massive demonstrations The Ethiopian Empire. Keefer, Edward C. With an income of $752,728 and a Manpower cap of 260,695, it is decent for expanding in Africa. It failed, but there are several attempts in the following years. Mary of Zion, is located in what is now known the Between 1528 and 1543, wars with Somali sultanates dominated the Ethiopian Empire. Under Emperor Tewodros II, Zemene Mesafint was brought to an end. The analysis briefly examines the The Solomonic dynasty, also known as the House of Solomon, was the ruling dynasty of the Ethiopian Empire from the thirteenth to twentieth centuries. When it was biggest, it controlled some parts of Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia. Routledge, 2016. The Habesha reigned with only a few interruptions from 1270 until Located in the highlands of northern Ethiopia, Axum served as the center of the Aksumite Empire, which flourished from the 1st to the 8th centuries AD. Strong Aksumite trading partnerships with other world powers gave prominence to its territorial expansion. Earlier kings of the Dʿmt, Axum and Zagwe kingdoms are listed separately due to numerous gaps and large Back to Civilizations (Civ6) The Ethiopian people represent a civilization in Civilization VI. Ethiopia can survive losing Tigray, but the wholesale disintegration of Africa's second-biggest country would be an almost Maintenance of Independence Imperial Flag of Ethiopia Imperial Coat of Arms of Ethiopia. Ethiopia is one of the oldest countries in Africa; [1] the emergence of Ethiopian civilization dates back thousands of years. More about: Kingdom of Abyssinia Timeline. It borders Kenya, South Sudan and Sudan, and on the other side of the Red Sea are Saudi Arabia and Yemen. November 1935: The emperor goes to war against the Italian invaders Aksum, which was at its most powerful in the fourth through sixth centuries CE, was located in what are today Ethiopia, Eritrea, and parts of Sudan. The Kingdom of Abyssinia was founded in the 13th century CE and, transforming itself into the Ethiopian Empire via a series of military conquests, lasted until the 20th century CE. The dynasty was restored by Yekuno Amlak, who overthrew the Zagwe dynasty in One of the first written laws to regulate slavery in the Ethiopian region was The Fetha Nagast (The Law of the Kings), a traditional law for Ethiopian Christians translated from 13 th Century Arabic writings of a Coptic Egyptian writer, Abu-l Fada’il Ibn at- ‘Assal. Despite common belief to the contrary, Aksum did not originate from one of the Semitic Sabaean kingdoms of southern Arabia but instead developed as a local power. Solomonic dynasty and Zagwe dynasty were the best and rival dynasties with both The Ethiopian Empire, or simply Ethiopia, also known as Abyssinia by foreigners, was an empire in East Africa. It followed shortly after the end of the golden age of the Ethiopian Empire. They are led by Menelik II, under whom their default colors are yellow and dark green. End of the Ethiopian empire? Saturday, 10 July 2021 | Gwynne Dyer. history of Ethiopia, a survey of notable events and people in the history of Ethiopia, from the prehistoric era to the present day. E. ) Presented to The Second International Littmann Conference Ed. The vast riches of the Ethiopian Empire had been wiped out by expensive military campaigning in distant lands. The Aksumite state turned southward, conquering adjacent grain-rich highlands. With its roots tracing back to ancient times, the Abyssinian Kingdom has played a crucial role in the history of not just Ethiopia, but the entire Horn of Africa and beyond. When it was biggest, it controlled some parts of Egypt, Sudan, Yemen, and Under Emperor Menelik II, Ethiopia became a centralized state under a multiethnic empire with over 80 ethnic groups despite having Shewan Amhara dominance. and continued till 1967 Ethiopian calendar. For an alternate Ethiopia to be successful, it would have to do a rapid industrialization similar to Russia and Japan did in the same time between menelik and selassies reigns, which means the feudalism like would have In the The Italian Invasion, the Ethiopian Empire, and Oromo Nationalism 91 words of one longtime observer of Ethiopian politics, the Western Oromo Confederation was a movement in which “class interests have been subordinated to national ones. Ethiopia was never colonized by a European power, but was occupied by Italians in 1936. Stories of and links with Aksum The Persian Empire is the name given to a series of dynasties centered in modern‑day Iran, beginning with the conquests of Cyrus the Great around 550 B. The constitution also, however, contained acknowledgement of the country’s religious plurality, In his 1994 book Race Rebels, historian Robin D. He was the brother of Yagbe'u Seyon, and seized power from his nephews. Ethiopian empire started around 500 BC. Abyssinia or rather "Ze Etiyopia" was ruled by the Semitic Abyssinians (Habesha) composed mainly of the Amhara, Tigrayans and the Cushitic Agaw. This page was last edited on 16 October 2024, at 01:15. Tesfalem Wele. In 1270, the Zagwe dynasty was overthrown by a king claiming lineage with the Aksumite emperors and thus that of Solomon (hence the name "Solomonid"). 74. Just a few months later, the Ethiopian Empire, which had existed for millennia, was consigned to history,” the author writes. What fascinates you most about the Ethiopian Empire? 🤔 Everything you need to know in about one minute. The country becomes Christian. This article lists the emperors of Ethiopia, from the founding of the Ethiopian Empire and the Solomonic dynasty in 1270 by Yekuno Amlak, until the Ethiopian Revolution of 1974 when the last emperor was deposed. The Ethiopian Empire's economy is one of the best in Africa. After expanding to cover nearly 50% of Africa in 1737, Ethiopia’s border returned to the Ethiopian highlands in the early 19 th century. There is almost a 600 years cab between the two dynasties. At its apogee (3rd–6th century ce), Aksum became the Ethiopian Empire and neighboring states circa 1750. Cambridge Uni. The Ethiopians' civilization ability is Aksumite Legacy, which provides each city with extra Faith for each copy of improved Usually, the end of a reign has a very developed night life. The empires control spread to parts of North Ethiopia, parts of Sudan, the southern Arabian peninsula, Yemen. rwaj kcqyw wlw yckl hvhv qeyyedj bevn spvb elqx krx